国立研究開発法人 森林研究・整備機構 森林総合研究所
REDDプラス・海外森林防災研究開発センター

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導入編

第1章　REDDプラスとは

【I01】 REDD プラスの歴史と現在の動き

• おすすめAgrawal A et al. (2011) Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 36: 373-396
• Denman KL et al. (2007) Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry (Chapter 7) In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press. pp. 499-587
• FAO (2006) Extent of forest resources (Chapter 2) In: Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005: Progress towards sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper. 147: 11-36
• おすすめ国際協力機構, 国際熱帯木材機関 (2012) REDD-plus (開発途上国における森林減少・劣化等による温室効果ガス排出量の削減 Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries) 改訂版. JICA, ITTO. pp. 33
• Nabuurs GJ et al. (2007) Forestry (Chapter 9), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Cambridge University Press. pp. 541-584
• Stern N (2007) Identifying the costs of mitigation (Chapter 9): The economics of climate change: the Stern Review. Cambridge University Press. pp. 211-238
• UNFCCC (2009) Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries: approaches to stimulate action Draft conclusions proposed by the Chair Addendum Recommendation of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice. UNFCCC. FCCC/SBSTA/2009/L.19/Add.1 pp. 3
• UNFCCC (2010) Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009: Addendum Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its fifteenth session. UNFCCC. FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1 pp. 43
• UNFCCC (2011) Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries: approaches to stimulate action Draft conclusions proposed by the Chair Addendum Recommendation of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice. UNFCCC. FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1 pp. 31
• UNFCCC & SBSTA (2011) Methodological guidance for activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries. Draft conclusions proposed by the Chair. Addendum. UNFCCC, SBSTA. FCCC/SBSTA/2011/L.25/Add.1 pp. 4

【I02】 REDDプラスの重要な概念

• 赤堀聡之 (2010) わが国のREDD＋への対応と方法論の検討状況について. 日本政策金融公庫・国際協力銀行REDD+セミナーにおけるプレゼン資料. pp. 13
• Angelsen A et al. (2008) What is the right scale for REDD? The implications of national, subnational and nested approaches. CIFOR. No.15 pp. 6
• おすすめCalmel M et al. (2010) REDD+ at project scale: Evaluation and Development Guide. ONF International (ONFI). pp. 215
• おすすめ地球環境戦略研究機関 (IGES) (2010) 測定・報告・検証（MRV）: 気候変動枠組みへ向けた議論の潮流と展望. 地球環境戦略研究機関 (IGES) 気候変動グループ. pp. 78
• おすすめOlander J & Ebeling J (2011) Building Forest Carbon Projects: Step-by-Step Overview and Guide. In: Building Forest Carbon Projects. Forest Trends. pp. 58
• おすすめ平塚基志 & 矢野雅人 (2011) 気候変動抑制に向けたMRV（測定・報告・検証）の国際枠組み構築に関する現状と課題～（3）REDDプラス実施の際のMRVシステムの考え方～. MURC政策研究レポート. pp. 10
• おすすめUNFCCC (2009) Cost of implementing methodologies and monitoring systems relating to estimates of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, the assessment of carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions from changes in forest cover, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks. Technical paper, UNFCCC. FCCC/TP/2009/1, pp. 44

第2章　森林モニタリングシステムの設計

【I03】 森林モニタリングの計測・報告・検証(MRV)

• おすすめ地球環境戦略研究機関 (IGES) (2010) 測定・報告・検証（MRV）: 気候変動枠組みへ向けた議論の潮流と展望.地球環境戦略研究機関 (IGES) 気候変動グループ. pp. 78
• Diaz D & Delaney M (2011) Building Forest Carbon Projects Carbon Stock Assessment Guidance: Inventory and Monitoring Procedures. Forest Trends. pp. 34
• Harris NL et al. (2012) Baseline Map of Carbon Emissions from Deforestation in Tropical Regions. Science. 336(22): 1573-1576
• おすすめHerold M (2009) An assessment of national forest monitoring capabilities in tropical non-Annex 1 countries: Recommendations for capacity building. GOFC-GOLD Project Office. pp. 62
• おすすめ平塚基志 & 矢野雅人 (2011) 気候変動抑制に向けたMRV（測定・報告・検証）の国際枠組み構築に関する現状と課題～（3）REDDプラス実施の際のMRVシステムの考え方～.MURC政策研究レポート. pp. 10
• IPCC (2003) Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry.IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. pp. 632
• Metz B et al. (2007) Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change: Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007.Cambridge University Press. pp. 851
• おすすめUNFCCC (2009) Cost of implementing methodologies and monitoring systems relating to estimates of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, the assessment of carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions from changes in forest cover, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks.Technical paper, UNFCCC. FCCC/TP/2009/1, pp. 44

【I04】 森林モニタリングシステムの設計

• おすすめCostenbader J (ed)(2009) Legal Frameworks for REDD: Design and Implementation at the National Level.IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper. 77: 1-197
• Diaz D & Delaney M (2011) Building Forest Carbon Projects Carbon Stock Assessment Guidance: Inventory and Monitoring Procedures.Forest Trends. pp. 34
• Danielsen F et al. (2011) At the heart of REDD+: a role for local people in monitoring forests?Conservation Letters. 4(2): 158-167
• Hardcastle PD et al. (2008) Capability and cost assessment of the major forest nations to measure and monitor their forest carbon. LTS International Ltd. pp. 136
• おすすめHarvey CA et al. (2010) What is needed to make REDD+ work on the ground? Lessons learned from pilot forest carbon initiatives.Conservation International. pp. 121
• おすすめ Herold M (2009) An assessment of national forest monitoring capabilities in tropical non-Annex 1 countries: Recommendations for capacity building. GOFC-GOLD Project Office. pp. 62
• Herold M & Skutsch MM (2009) Measurement, reporting and verification for REDD+: Objectives, capacities and institutions (Chapter 7), Realising REDD+： National strategy and policy options.CIFOR. pp. 85-100
• おすすめ Herold M et al. (2012) Chapter 16. A stepwise framework for developing REDD+ reference levels. In: Analysing REDD+: Challenges and choices.CIFOR. pp. 279-299
• おすすめ Hoare A et al. (2008) Estimating the cost of building capacity in rainforest nations to allow them to participate in a global REDD mechanism.Office of Climate Change, UK. pp. 38
• おすすめ UNFCCC (2009) Cost of implementing methodologies and monitoring systems relating to estimates of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, the assessment of carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions from changes in forest cover, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks.Technical paper, UNFCCC. FCCC/TP/2009/1, pp. 44

計画編

第3章　REDD プラス取組みのための基礎知識

【P01】 森林・森林減少・森林劣化・プラスの定義

• GOFC-GOLD (2011) A sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring and reporting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals caused by deforestation, gains and losses of carbon stocks in forests remaining forests, and forestation. GOFC-GOLD Project Office, Natural Resources Canada, Alberta, Canada. GOFC-GOLD Report version COP17-1, pp. 4-203
• 小林紀之 (2008) 温暖化と森林　地球益を守る　―世界と地域の持続可能ビジョン―. 日本林業調査会（J-FIC）. pp. 270
• おすすめPutz FE & Redford KH (2010) The Importance of Defining ‘Forest’: Tropical Forest Degradation, Deforestation,Long-term Phase Shifts, and Further Transitions. Biotropica. 42(1): 10-20
• UNFCCC (2002) Report of the conference of the parties on its seventh session, held at Marrakesh from 29 October to 10 November 2001. UNFCC. FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.1, pp. 68

  →暫定和訳「マラケシュ合意　2001年11月10日付未編集版」（地球産業文化研究所訳）

• おすすめWertz-Kanounnikoff S & Angelsen A (2009) Chapter 2 Global and national REDD+ architecture: Linking institutions and actions. In: Realising REDD+： National strategy and policy options. CIFOR. pp. 13-24

【P02】 フェーズドアプローチ

• おすすめAngelsen A et al. (2009) Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD): An Options Assessment Report: Executive Summary. Meridian Institute. pp. 1-8
• おすすめStreck C et al. (2009) REDD+ Institutional Options Assessment: Developing an Efficient, Effective, and Equitable Institutional Framework for REDD+ under the UNFCCC. Meridian Institute. pp. 1-30
• UNFCCC (2008) Report of the Conference of the Parties on its thirteenth session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December 2007. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its thirteenth session. UNFCCC. FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1, pp. 60
• UNFCCC (2008) Report of the workshop on policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries. Summary by the chair of the workshop. UNFCCc. FCCC/AWGLCA/2008/CRP.5 pp. 5
• UNFCCC (2011) Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010. Addendum. Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session. UNFCCC. FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1 pp. 31

【P03】 セーフガード

• おすすめCostenbader J (ed)(2009) Legal Frameworks for REDD: Design and Implementation at the National Level. IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper. 77: 1-197
• Legal Frameworks for REDD: Design and Implementation at the National Level. IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper. 77: 1-197
• おすすめDoswald N et al. (2010) Methods for assessing and monitoring change in the ecosystem-derived benefits of afforestation, reforestation and forest restoration. Multiple Benefits Series 6. UN-REDD Programme. pp. 11
• おすすめJagger P et al. (2012) Chapter 17 REDD+ safeguards in national policy discourse and pilot projects. In: Analysing REDD+: Challenges and choices. CIFOR. pp. 301-316
• おすすめMiles L et al. (2010) Safeguarding and enhancing the ecosystem-derived benefits of REDD+. Multiple Benefits Series 2. UN-REDD Programme. pp. 50
• おすすめMiles L et al. (2010) Ecosystem services and biodiversity from new and restored forests: tool development. Multiple Benefits Series 5. UN-REDD Programme. pp. 8
• おすすめStone S et al. (2010) Climate Change and the Role of Forests: A Trainer's Manual. Conservation International.
• UNFCCC (2011) Decision 1/CP.16 The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative. UNFCCC. FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1 pp. 2-25
• UNFCCC (2012) Decision 12/CP.17 Guidance on systems for providing information on how safeguards are addressed and respected and modalities relating to forest reference emission levels and forest reference levels as referred to in decision 1/CP.16. FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.2 pp. 16-19

第4章　森林炭素の計測、報告、検証（MRV）

【P04】 森林炭素の計測

• おすすめ加藤正人 (2010) 森林リモートセンシング 第3版：基礎から応用まで. 日本林業調査会. pp. 443
• おすすめRavindranath NH & Ostwald M (2008) Carbon Inventory Methods: Handbook for Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Carbon Mitigation and Roundwood Production Projects.Springer. pp. 306
• おすすめVerchot LV et al. (2012) Chapter 15. Emissions factors. Converting land use change to CO2 estimates. In: Analysing REDD+: Challenges and choices.CIFOR. pp. 261-278

【P05】 森林炭素の報告

• IPCC (2003) Chapter 3 LUCF Sector Good Practice Guidance. In: Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. pp. 3.189-3.255 →付表3A2 報告様式
• おすすめIPCC (2012) IPCC Inventory Software.The IPCC Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
• おすすめRavindranath NH & Ostwald M (2008) Carbon Inventory Methods: Handbook for Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Carbon Mitigation and Roundwood Production Projects.Springer. pp. 306
• UNFCCC (2003) Decision 17/CP.8 Guidelines for the preparation of national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention. UNFCCC. FCCC/CP/2002/7/Add.2 pp. 2-12
• UNFCCC (2003) Report of the conference of the parties on its eighth session, Held at New Delhi from 23 October to 1 November 2002. FCCC/CP/2002/7/Add.2 pp. 34
• おすすめUNFCCC (2004) Reporting on climate change: user manual for the guidelines on national communications from non-Annex I Parties.UNFCCC. pp. 38
• UNFCCC (2006) Decision 14/CP.11 Tables of the common reporting format for land use, land-use change and forestry. UNFCCC. FCCC/CP/2005/5/Add.2 pp. 2-42
• UNFCCC (2008) Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its third session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December 2007. UNFCCC. FCCC/KP/CMP/2007/9/Add.1
• UNFCCC (2008) Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its third session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December 2007 Addendum. Decision 6/CMP.3. Good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and forestry activities under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Kyoto Protocol1.UNFCCC. FCCC/KP/CMP/2007/9/Add.2
• おすすめUNFCCC (2009) UNFCCC Resource Guide For Preparing The National Communications of Non-Annex I Parties. Module 3 National greenhouse Gas Inventories.UNFCCC. pp. 32
• UNFCCC (2012) Decision 2/CP.17 Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention.UNFCCC. FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1, pp. 4-54

【P06】 森林炭素の検証

• IPCC (2003) Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. pp. 632
• IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National. Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). IGES, Japan.
• おすすめOlander J & Ebeling J (2011) Building Forest Carbon Projects: Step-by-Step Overview and Guide. In: Building Forest Carbon Projects. Forest Trends. pp. 58
• おすすめOlander J & Ebeling J (2011) Verification and Issuance (Chapter 8). Building Forest Carbon Projects: Step-by-Step Overview and Guide. In: Building Forest Carbon Projects. Forest Trends. pp. 51-53
• おすすめRavindranath NH & Ostwald M (2008) Carbon Inventory Methods: Handbook for Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Carbon Mitigation and Roundwood Production Projects. Springer. pp. 306

第5章　蓄積変化法によるモニタリング

【P07】 蓄積変化法

• Fox JC et al. (2010) Assessment of aboveground carbon in primary and selectively harvested tropical forest in Papua New Guinea. Biotropica. 42(4): 410-419
• IPCC (2006) Chapter 2: Generic Methodologies Applicable to Multiple Land-use Categories. In: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Volume 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston HS, Buendia L, Miwa K, Ngara T and Tanabe K (eds). IGES, Japan.
• IPCC (2006) Chapter 3: Consistent Reperesentation of Lands. In: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Volume 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston HS, Buendia L, Miwa K, Ngara T and Tanabe K (eds). IGES, Japan.
• おすすめ加藤正人 (2010) 森林リモートセンシング 第3版：基礎から応用まで. 日本林業調査会. pp. 443
• Kiyono Y et al. (2011) Practicalities of Non-Destructive Methodologies in Monitoring Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Tropical Forests under the Influence of Human Intervention. JARQ: Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly. 45(2): 233-242
• Kohl M et al. (2006) Sampling Methods, Remote Sensing and GIS Multiresource Forest Inventory. Springer. pp. 373
• おすすめRavindranath NH & Ostwald M (2008) Carbon Inventory Methods: Handbook for Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Carbon Mitigation and Roundwood Production Projects.Springer. pp. 306
• Samreth V et al. (2012) Tree Biomass Carbon Stock Estimation using Permanent Sampling Plot Data in Different Types of Seasonal Forests in Cambodia. JARQ: Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly. 46(2): 187-192
• Singh A (1989) Review Article Digital change detection techniques using remotely-sensed data. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 10(6): 989-1003
• UNFCCC (2009) Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries: approaches to stimulate action Draft conclusions proposed by the Chair Addendum Recommendation of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice. UNFCCC. FCCC/SBSTA/2009/L.19/Add.1 pp. 3

【P08】 RS を用いた面積推定

• Alexander R & Millington AC (2000) Vegetation Mapping: From Patch to Planet. Wiley. pp. 350
• おすすめRavindranath NH & Ostwald M (2008) Carbon Inventory Methods: Handbook for Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Carbon Mitigation and Roundwood Production Projects.Springer. pp. 306
• おすすめ加藤正人 (2010) 森林リモートセンシング 第3版：基礎から応用まで. 日本林業調査会. pp. 443
• おすすめLillesand T et al. (2007) Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 6th edition. Wiley. pp. 804
• おすすめMcCoy RM (2005) Field Methods in Remote Sensing. The Guilford Press. pp. 159
• おすすめRavindranath NH & Ostwald M (2008) Carbon Inventory Methods: Handbook for Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Carbon Mitigation and Roundwood Production Projects. Springer. pp. 306

【P09】 単位面積あたりの炭素蓄積推定

• Kiyono Y et al. (2011) Practicalities of Non-Destructive Methodologies in Monitoring Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Tropical Forests under the Influence of Human Intervention. JARQ: Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly. 45(2): 233-242
• おすすめRavindranath NH & Ostwald M (2008) 森林リモートセンシング 第3版：基礎から応用まで. 日本林業調査会. pp. 443

【P10】 固定調査プロット法を用いた方法

• Brown S (2002) Measuring carbon in forests: current status and future challenges. Environmental Pollution. 116: 363-372
• Brown S (2007) Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests. A primer. FAO Forestry Papers. 134: 1-55
• Chave J et al. (2005) Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia. 145: 87-99
• おすすめCondit R (1998) Tropical Forest Census Plots: Methods and Results from Barro Colorado Island, Panama and a Comparison with Other Plots. Springer-Verlag. pp. 211
• Fox JC et al. (2010) Assessment of aboveground carbon in primary and selectively harvested tropical forest in Papua New Guinea. Biotropica. 42(4): 410-419
• Gibbs HK et al. (2007) Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: making REDD a reality. Environmental Research Letters. 2 (2007) 045023 (13pp)
• Kitahara F et al. (2009) Evaluation of data quality in Japanese National Forest Inventory. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 159: 331-340
• Kitahara F et al. (2010) Effects of Training for Inexperienced Surveyors on Data Quality of Tree Diameter and Height Measurements. Silva Fennica. 44(4): 657-667
• 南雲秀次郎 (1990) 現代林学講義 〈10〉測樹学. 地球社. pp. 243
• 大隅眞一 (1987) 森林計測学講義. 養賢堂. pp. 287
• Pearson TRH et al. (2005) Sourcebook for land use, land-use change and forestry projects. Winrock International. pp. 58
• おすすめ 森林立地調査法編集委員会 (2010) 森林立地調査法 森の環境を測る 改訂版. 博友社. pp. 284
• おすすめ Walker SM et al. (2007)Winrock Terrestrial Sampling Calculator.Winrock International.

【P11】 林分炭素蓄積推定モデルを用いた方法

• Carreiras JMB et al. (2012) Understanding the relationship between aboveground biomass and ALOS PALSAR data in the forests of Guinea-Bissau (West Africa). Remote Sensing of Environment. 121: 426-442
• Inoue Y et al. (2010) Assessing land-use and carbon stock in slash-and-burn ecosystems in tropical mountain of Laos based on time-series satellite images. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 12(4): 287-297
• Ju J & Roy DP (2008) The availability of cloud-free Landsat ETM+ data over the conterminous United States and globally. Remote Sensing of Environment. 112: 1196-1211
• おすすめ 加藤正人 (2010) 森林リモートセンシング 第3版：基礎から応用まで. 日本林業調査会. pp. 443
• 清野嘉之 et al. (2009) 上層高の変化から森林の炭素蓄積の変化を推定するときの課題. 関東森林研究. 60: 151-154
• Kiyono Y et al. (2011) Practicalities of Non-Destructive Methodologies in Monitoring Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Tropical Forests under the Influence of Human Intervention. JARQ: Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly. 45(2): 233-242
• Mascaro J et al. (2011) Controls over aboveground forest carbon density on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Biogeosciences. 8: 1615-1629
• Saatchi SS et al. (2011) Benchmark map of forest carbon stocks in tropical regions across three continents. PNAS. 108 (24): 9899-9904

【P12】 吸排出量の算定

• おすすめ Angelsen A et al. (2011) Guidelines for REDD+ Reference Levels: Principles and Recommendations. Meridian Institute. pp. 14
• IPCC (2003) Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. pp. 632
• GOFC-GOLD (2011) A sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring and reporting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals caused by deforestation, gains and losses of carbon stocks in forests remaining forests, and forestation. GOFC-GOLD Project Office, Natural Resources Canada, Alberta, Canada. GOFC-GOLD Report version COP17-1, pp. 4-203

【P13】 参照排出レベル・参照レベル

• おすすめ GOFC-GOLD (2011) 2.6 Estimation of Uncertainties. In:A sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring and reporting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals caused by deforestation, gains and losses of carbon stocks in forests remaining forests, and forestation. GOFC-GOLD Project Office, Natural Resources Canada, Alberta, Canada. GOFC-GOLD Report version COP17-1, pp. 2_97-2_109
• おすすめ Herold M et al. (2012) Chapter 16. A stepwise framework for developing REDD+ reference levels. In: Analysing REDD+: Challenges and choices. CIFOR. pp. 279-299
• UNFCCC (2009) Report on the expert meeting on methodological issues relating to reference emission levels and reference levels. UNFCCC. FCCC/SBSTA/2009/2, pp. 13
• UNFCCC (2011) Report on the expert meeting on forest reference emission levels and forest reference levels for implementation of REDD-plus activities. UNFCCC. FCCC/SBSTA/2011/INF.18

技術編

第6章　REDDプラス実施における前提

【T01】 国家森林資源調査

• 西川匡英 (1994) 先進諸外国の国家森林資源調査の動向と展望 : 多目的森林資源調査への推移を通して. 森林計画学会誌. 22: 1-18
• 家原敏郎 (2012) 欧州等各国の国家森林資源調査の特徴．サンプリングデザインの比較. 関東森林研究. 63(1): 23-26
• 家原敏郎 et al. (2005) フランス、ドイツ、スウェーデンの国家森林資源調査--調査システムと京都議定書への利用. 日本森林学会関東支部大会発表論文集. 56: 7-10
• Tomppo E et al. (2010) National Forest Inventories: Pathways for Common Reporting. Springer. pp. 612

【T02】 何を測るか？

• GOFC-GOLD (2011) A sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring and reporting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals caused by deforestation, gains and losses of carbon stocks in forests remaining forests, and forestation. GOFC-GOLD Project Office, Natural Resources Canada, Alberta, Canada. GOFC-GOLD Report version COP17-1, pp. 4-203
• Kiyono Y et al. (2011) Important subcategory of greenhouse gas emissions from degraded forestland: CO2 emissions from biomass in a seasonal forest in Cambodia and soil organic matter in a peat swamp forest in Indonesia. 関東森林研究. 62: 167-170
• 日本土壌肥料学会編 (1997) 土壌環境法. 博友社. pp. 428
• Sakata T et al. (2004) A method for measuring fluxes of greenhouse gases from forest soils. Bulletin of FFPRI. 392: 259-265
• EFBD: Emission Factor Database（排出係数データベース）

【T03】 入手可能な資源

【T04】 自主的なクレジット認証制度

• Shoch D et al. (2011) Project Developer's Guidebook to VCS REDD Methodologies Version 1.0. Conservation International. pp. 87
• VCS (2012) Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Requirements　ｖ.3.3.
• VCS (2012) VCS Standard v3.2. VCS. pp. 47
• VCSホームページ
• オフセット・クレジット (J-VER) 制度ホームページ

第7章　リモートセンシングを用いた森林面積の推定

【T05】 データの種類と選択

【T06】 雲の除去・季節性の調整

• Gao F et al. (2006) On the blending of the Landsat and MODIS surface reflectance: predicting daily Landsat surface reflectance. IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 44(8): 2207-2218
• 高木幹雄 & 下田陽久 (2004) 新編　画像解析ハンドブック. 東京大学出版会. pp. 2032
• Zhu Z & Woodcock CE (2012) Object-based cloud and cloud shadow detection in Landsat imagery. Remote sensing of Environment. 118: 83-94

【T07】 クラスの定義

• Campbell JB (2006) Image classification, In: Introduction to remote sensing, the fourth edition. The Guilford Press. pp. 324-366
• Cihlar J et al. (1996) Land cover classification with AVHRR multichannel composites in northern environments. Remote sensing of Environment. 58: 36-51
• Franklin SE (2001) Remote Sensing for Sustainable Forest Management. CRC Press. pp. 424
• 村上拓彦 (2007) 第９章　画像処理（３）変換、分類、In: 改訂　森林リモートセンシング：基礎から応用まで. 日本林業調査会. pp. 133-143

【T08】 グランドトゥルース

• Congalton RG & Green K (1998) Assessing the accuracy of remotely sensed data: principles and practices. CRC Press. pp. 160
• Hirzel A & Guisan A (2002) Which is the optimal sampling strategy for habitat suitability modelling. Ecological Modelling. 157: 331-341
• Jensen JR (2004) Introductory Digital Image Processing, 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall. pp. 544
• Jones HG & Vaughan RA (2010) Remote sensing of vegetation: Principles, techniques, and applications. Oxford University Press. pp. 353
• McCoy RM (2004) Field Methods in Remote Sensing. The Guilford Press. pp. 159
• Wessels KJ et al. (1998) An evaluation of the gradsect biological survey method. Biodiversity and Conservation. 7: 1093-1121

【T09】 分類手法

• FAO et al. (2009) The 2010 Global Forest Resources Assessment Remote Sensing Survey: an outline of the objectives, data, methods and approach. Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper 155. pp. 10
• 平田泰雅 (2009) 高分解能衛星データの森林モニタリングへの利用. 日本森林学会誌. 91: 136-146
• 村上拓彦 et al. (2010) 林相区分を目的としたオブジェクトベース画像解析における最適なセグメンテーションの検討. 写真測量とリモートセンシング. 49: 159-165
• 日本リモートセンシング学会 (2011) 基礎からわかるリモートセンシング. 理工図書. pp. 319
• 高木幹雄 & 下田陽久 (2004) 新編　画像解析ハンドブック. 東京大学出版会. pp. 2032

【T10】 精度評価

• Card DH (1982) Using Known Map Category Marginal Frequencies to Improve Estimates of Thematic Map Accuracy. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 48: 431-439
• Congalton RG & Green K (1998) Assessing the accuracy of remotely sensed data: principles and practices. CRC Press. pp. 160
• Stehman SV (1996) Estimating the Kappa Coefficient and its Variance under Stratified Random Sampling. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 62: 401-407

【T11】 面積変化の推定

• Campbell JB (2006) Introduction to Remote Sensing, Fourth Edition. The Guilford Press. pp. 626
• Dai X & Khorram S (1998) The effects of image misregistration on the accuracy of remotely sensed change detection. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 36: 1566-1577
• FAO et al. (2009) The 2010 Global Forest Resources Assessment Remote Sensing Survey: an outline of the objectives, data, methods and approach. Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper 155. pp. 10
• GOFC-GOLD (2011) A sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring and reporting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals caused by deforestation, gains and losses of carbon stocks in forests remaining forests, and forestation. GOFC-GOLD Project Office, Natural Resources Canada, Alberta, Canada. GOFC-GOLD Report version COP17-1, pp. 4-203

第8章　固定調査プロットを用いた方法

【T12】 固定調査プロットの必要数と配置

• Avery TE & Burkhart HE (1994) Forest measurements, the fourth edition. McGraw-Hill. pp. 408
• Brown S (2002) Measuring, monitoring, and verification of carbon benefits for forest-based projects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 360: 1669-1683
• Gibbs HK et al. (2007) Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: making REDD a reality. Environmental Research Letters. 2 (2007) 045023 (13pp)
• おすすめ GOFC-GOLD (2011) 2.6 Estimation of Uncertainties. In: A sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring and reporting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals caused by deforestation, gains and losses of carbon stocks in forests remaining forests, and forestation. GOFC-GOLD Project Office, Natural Resources Canada, Alberta, Canada. GOFC-GOLD Report version COP17-1, pp. 2_97-2_109
• 大隅眞一 (1987) 森林計測学講義. 養賢堂 . pp. 287 [絶版]
• Pearson TRH et al. (2005) Sourcebook for land use, land-use change and forestry projects. Winrock International. pp. 58
• UNFCCC (2010) Executive Board. A/R Methodological Tool “Calculation of the number of sample plots for measurements within A/R CDM project activities” (version 02.1.0). UNFCCC. EB 58 Report Annex 15, pp. 7
• おすすめ Walker SM et al. (2007) Winrock Terrestrial Sampling Calculator. Winrock International.
• Wenger KF (1984) Forestry Handbook, 2nd Edition. Wiley. pp. 1360

【T13】 固定調査プロットでの調査設計

• おすすめ Angelsen A et al. (2011) Guidelines for REDD+ Reference Levels: Principles and Recommendations. Meridian Institute. pp. 14
• おすすめ Condit R (1998) Tropical Forest Census Plots: Methods and Results from Barro Colorado Island, Panama and a Comparison with Other Plots. Springer-Verlag. pp. 211
• おすすめ Ravindranath NH & Ostwald M (2008) Carbon Inventory Methods: Handbook for Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Carbon Mitigation and Roundwood Production Projects. Springer. pp. 306
• Tomppo E et al. (2010) National Forest Inventories: Pathways for Common Reporting. Springer. pp. 612
• 自然環境研究センター (2010) モニタリングサイト1000 森林・草原調査　コアサイト設定・毎木調査マニュアル. 環境省自然環境局 生物多様性センター. pp. 13
• おすすめ 森林立地調査法編集委員会 (2010) 森林立地調査法 森の環境を測る 改訂版. 博友社. pp. 284

【T14】 固定調査プロットのデータ解析

• Brown S (2007) Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests. A primer. FAO Forestry Papers. pp. 55
• Cairns MA et al. (1997) Root biomass allocation in the world’s upland forests. Oecologia. 111: 1-11
• Chave J et al. (2005) Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia. 145: 87-99
• Fox JC et al. (2010) Assessment of aboveground carbon in primary and selectively harvested tropical forest in Papua New Guinea. Biotropica. 42(4): 410-419
• Hozumi K et al. (1969) Production ecology of tropical rain forests in southwestern Cambodia I. Plant biomass. Nature and Life in Southeast Asia. 6: 1-51
• IPCC (2003) Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. pp. 632
• IPCC (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Volume 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston HS, Buendia L, Miwa K, Ngara T and Tanabe K (eds). IGES, Japan.
• Mokany K et al. (2006) Critical analysis of root:shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes. Global Change Biology. 12: 84-96
• Niiyama K et al. (2010) Estimation of root biomass based on excavation of individual root systems in a primary dipterocarp forest in Pasoh Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 26: 271-284
• Samreth V et al. (2012) Tree Biomass Carbon Stock Estimation using Permanent Sampling Plot Data in Different Types of Seasonal Forests in Cambodia. JARQ: Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly. 46(2): 187-192

第9章　林分炭素蓄積推定モデルを用いた手法

【T15】 モデルの構築

• Köhl M et al. (2006) Sampling Methods, Remote Sensing and GIS Multiresource Forest Inventory. Springer. pp. 373
• 西沢正久 (1959) 森林測定法. 地球出版. pp. 302

【T16】 群落高法

• 清野嘉之 et al. (2009) 上層高の変化から森林の炭素蓄積の変化を推定するときの課題. 関東森林研究. 60: 151-154
• Mascaro J et al. (2011) Controls over aboveground forest carbon density on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Biogeosciences. 8: 1615-1629
• Saatchi SS et al. (2011) Benchmark map of forest carbon stocks in tropical regions across three continents. PNAS. 108 (24): 9899-9904

【T17】 樹冠径法

• Broadbent EN et al. (2008) Spatial partitioning of biomass and biodiversity in a lowland Bolivian forest: Linking field and remote sensing measurement. Forest Ecology and Management. 255: 2602-2616
• Kiyono Y et al. (2011) Practicalities of Non-Destructive Methodologies in Monitoring Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Tropical Forests under the Influence of Human Intervention. JARQ: Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly. 45(2): 233-242
• Win RN et al. (2012) Remote sensing analysis of forest damage by selection logging in the Kabaung Reserved Forest, Bago Mountains, Myanmar. Journal of Forest Research. 17: 121-128

【T18】 群落齢法

• おすすめ Condit R (1998) Tropical Forest Census Plots: Methods and Results from Barro Colorado Island, Panama and a Comparison with Other Plots. Springer-Verlag. pp. 211
• Do TV et al. (2010) Recovery process of a mountain forest after shifting cultivation in Northwestern Vietnam. Forest Ecology and Management. 259: 1650-1659
• Inoue Y et al. (2007) Traceability of slash‐and‐burn land‐use history using optical satellite sensor imagery: a basis for chronosequential assessment of ecosystem carbon stock in Laos. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 28:24, 5641-5647
• Inoue Y et al. (2010) Assessing land-use and carbon stock in slash-and-burn ecosystems in tropical mountain of Laos based on time-series satellite images. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 12(4): 287-297
• 清野嘉之 et al. (2008) ラオス北部山岳地の焼畑休閑林の生長と乾季の日の出前の湿度. 関東森林研究. 59: 153-156
• Mannetje Lt (2000) Measuring biomass of grassland vegetation (Chap. 7). In: Field and Laboratory Methods for Grassland and Animal Production Research. CBI publishing. pp. 151-177
• 岡本智伸 (2004) 現存量 In 日本草地学会編「草地科学実験・調査法」. 全国農村教育協会. pp. 191-194, pp. 587
• おすすめ 森林立地調査法編集委員会 (2010) 森林立地調査法 森の環境を測る 改訂版. 博友社. pp. 284

【T19】 後方散乱係数法

• 粟屋善雄 et al. (2011) PALSARデータを利用した泥炭湿地林のモニタリング―中央カリマンタンの事例. 日本リモートセンシング学会第50回学術講演会論文集. 97-98
• Lucas RM et al. (2006) Empirical relationships between AIRSAR backscatter and LiDAR-derived forest biomass, Queensland, Australia. Remote Sensing of Environment. 100: 407-425
• 大内和夫 (2004) リモートセンシングのための合成開口レーダの基礎. 東京電機大学出版局. pp. 354
• Roy J et al. (2001) Terrestrial Global Productivity. Academic Press. pp. 573
• Shimada M (2010) Ortho-rectification and slope correction of SAR data using DEM and its accuracy evaluation. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 3(4): 657-671